Polska diaspora w Chicago zakończyła 128. paradę 3-majową. Uczciła w ten sposób rocznicę ratyfikacji polskiej konstytucji z 3 maja 1791 roku. Konstytucji, która była i jest pierwszym tego rodzaju dokumentem w Europie i drugą na świecie zaraz po Konstytucji Stanów Zjednoczonych. To wydarzenie jest największą polską paradą poza granicami Polski.
Wielu polskich patriotów i uczniów szkół polskich bierze co roku udział w tej paradzie, dla nielicznej rzeszy ciekawskich, przechodniów i gapiów jest to dzień gdy wszyscy w Chicago jesteśmy Polakami. Tego dnia świadomie lub nie, na swój sposób opowiadamy o historii Polski, a także głośno, powinniśmy mówić o tym jak władza nie może obchodzić konstytucji. Gdy ucichną jazgoczące dźwięki wydobywające się z wolno przemieszczającej się kawalkady rydwanów, wracamy spokojnie do swoich domów i mieszkań. Następnego dnia zaczynamy planować letnią kanikułę, wyjazdy i wyloty do bliskich, do rodzin. Wśród wielu wakacyjnych planów są i te dotyczące odwiedzenia miejsca gdzie to wszystko się zaczęło np. Ellis Island – wyspy imigrantów.
Amerykańska emigracja datuje się na rok 1865, wtedy do tego kraju zaczęli napływać nowi Amerykanie. Jednakże nie każdemu imigrantowi pozwalano tu zostać. Wszyscy nowi przybysze z Europy byli najpierw gromadzeni na nowojorskiej Ellis Island, gdzie poddawano ich badaniom lekarskim. Jeżeli przeszli je pomyślnie, mogli pozostać i udać się do dowolnego miejsca w kraju. Tamta Ameryka potrzebowała imigrantów, ale też w zamian oczekiwała, że będą dumni ze swojego nowego kraju. Mieszanina ras i kultur dla wielu stanowiła problem: aby stać się pełnoprawnymi obywatelami Stanów Zjednoczonych, przybysze musieli nauczyć się języka angielskiego; oczekiwano też od nich szacunku dla flagi Stanów Zjednoczonych.
Imigranci polscy skupiali się wówczas w dwóch miejscach: stanie Illinois (zwłaszcza w Chicago i jego rzeźniach) oraz stanie Nowy Jork. Tamto życie nie było łatwe, zewsząd otaczali ich ludzie mówiący innym językiem, do tego dochodziły inne smaki potraw i przypraw. Imigranci przybywali głównie z przyczyn zarobkowych i do dziś Ameryka dla biednych Europejczyków pozostaje krajem szansy. W Ameryce obowiązywała wolność wyznaniowa, panowało liberalne prawo gospodarcze sprzyjające powstawaniu nowych firm i sklepów lecz przede wszystkim, nowych obywateli przyciągała wolność osobista oraz prawa wyborcze.
Wolność działała wówczas na wyobraźnię, podsycała ją i dawała nadzieję na przyszłość tak jak pokazał to na swoim obrazie „Wolność wiodąca lud na barykady” – Eugène’a Delacroix. To właśnie ta półnaga kobieta, zainspirowała francuskiego rzeźbiarza Frédérica Auguste’a Bartholdiego, autora Statuy Wolności, by swojej rzeźbie nadać rysy własnej matki, a ciało wzorować na ciele kochanki. Tak oto Francja przyczyniła się do powstania nieoficjalnego symbolu wolności, Nowego Jorku i Stanów Zjednoczonych.
Emma Lazarus urodziła się w lipcu 1849 roku w Nowym Jorku w bogatej rodzinie portugalskiego żyda sefardyjskiego, rodzinie której korzenie sięgały początków Nowego Jorku jeszcze za czasów gdy było ono brytyjskim miastem kolonialnym. Lazarus była poetką silnie zaangażowaną w działalność charytatywną na rzecz uchodźców. W roku 1883 poproszono ją o skomponowanie utworu poetyckiego w ramach Wystawy Funduszu Pożyczek Artystycznych dla Pomocy Funduszu Piedestału Bartholdi dla Statuy Wolności, na co wyraziła zgodę.
Słynny sonet, poetki żydowskiego pochodzenia Emmy Lazarus, przedstawia Statuę jako „Matkę Wygnańców”: symbol imigracji i możliwości – symboli związanych z dzisiejszym postrzeganiem Statuy Wolności. Po początkowej popularności sonet zniknął z pamięci publicznej. Dopiero w 1901 roku, 17 lat po śmierci Emmy, jej przyjaciółka Georgina Schuyler skrzyknęła przyjaciół i zawiązał ruch obywatelski by od nowa wskrzesić ideę utraconej pracy koleżanki. Jej wysiłek opłacił się i w 1903 roku słowa z sonetu zostały wypisane na tablicy i umieszczone na wewnętrznej ścianie cokołu Statuy Wolności.
Do dziś tablica ta, prezentowana jest w muzeum Statuy Wolności zlokalizowanym w jej podstawie. Warto o tym pamiętać, gdy głośne okrzyki dotyczące ustawy 447 zakłócają nam planowanie podróży do Nowego Jorku lub wtedy gdy niesłychanej wagi obowiązki uniemożliwiają pojawienie się na manifestacji polskości w Chicago.
D.J.L.
The New Colossus By Emma Lazarus
Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. “Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!” cries she With silent lips. “Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!”
Nowy Kolos Rodyjski Emma Lazarus
Nie niczym grecki gigant ze spiżu odlany, Ze stopami po obu stronach morskiej toni, Młoda, mocna kobieta, trzymająca w dłoni Pochodnię, stanie dumnie u portowej bramy. A światło jej pochodni to piorun schwytany, Ucieczka Uciśnionych jej imię, bo chroni. Głosi ona gościnę wszystkim, co pogoni Uszli i przybywają do krain nieznanych. “Stare kraje, swą dawną zachowajcie chwałę” – Wykrzykuje bez przerwy niemymi wargami – “Dajcie mi tylko swoich biednych tłumy całe, Obejmę ich gościnnie mymi ramionami. Przyślijcie mi bezdomnych gromady niemałe, Dla nich podnoszę lampę nad portu wodami.”
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A car manufacturer wants to promote its electric vehicles to environmentally conscious users living in the city after office hours. The advertising is presented on a page with related content (such as an article on climate change actions) after 6:30 p.m. to users whose non-precise location suggests that they are in an urban zone.
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If you read several articles about the best bike accessories to buy, this information could be used to create a profile about your interest in bike accessories. Such a profile may be used or improved later on, on the same or a different website or app to present you with advertising for a particular bike accessory brand. If you also look at a configurator for a vehicle on a luxury car manufacturer website, this information could be combined with your interest in bikes to refine your profile and make an assumption that you are interested in luxury cycling gear.
An apparel company wishes to promote its new line of high-end baby clothes. It gets in touch with an agency that has a network of clients with high income customers (such as high-end supermarkets) and asks the agency to create profiles of young parents or couples who can be assumed to be wealthy and to have a new child, so that these can later be used to present advertising within partner apps based on those profiles.
Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on your advertising profiles, which can reflect your activity on this service or other websites or apps (like the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects.
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An online retailer wants to advertise a limited sale on running shoes. It wants to target advertising to users who previously looked at running shoes on its mobile app. Tracking technologies might be used to recognise that you have previously used the mobile app to consult running shoes, in order to present you with the corresponding advertisement on the app.
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You read several articles on how to build a treehouse on a social media platform. This information might be added to a profile to mark your interest in content related to outdoors as well as do-it-yourself guides (with the objective of allowing the personalisation of content, so that for example you are presented with more blog posts and articles on treehouses and wood cabins in the future).
You have viewed three videos on space exploration across different TV apps. An unrelated news platform with which you have had no contact builds a profile based on that viewing behaviour, marking space exploration as a topic of possible interest for other videos.
Content presented to you on this service can be based on your content personalisation profiles, which can reflect your activity on this or other services (for instance, the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects. This can for example be used to adapt the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find (non-advertising) content that matches your interests.
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You read articles on vegetarian food on a social media platform and then use the cooking app of an unrelated company. The profile built about you on the social media platform will be used to present you vegetarian recipes on the welcome screen of the cooking app.
You have viewed three videos about rowing across different websites. An unrelated video sharing platform will recommend five other videos on rowing that may be of interest to you when you use your TV app, based on a profile built about you when you visited those different websites to watch online videos.
Information regarding which advertising is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine how well an advert has worked for you or other users and whether the goals of the advertising were reached. For instance, whether you saw an ad, whether you clicked on it, whether it led you to buy a product or visit a website, etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of advertising campaigns.
Illustrations
You have clicked on an advertisement about a “black Friday” discount by an online shop on the website of a publisher and purchased a product. Your click will be linked to this purchase. Your interaction and that of other users will be measured to know how many clicks on the ad led to a purchase.
You are one of very few to have clicked on an advertisement about an “international appreciation day” discount by an online gift shop within the app of a publisher. The publisher wants to have reports to understand how often a specific ad placement within the app, and notably the “international appreciation day” ad, has been viewed or clicked by you and other users, in order to help the publisher and its partners (such as agencies) optimise ad placements.
Number of Vendors seeking consent or relying on legitimate interest: 634
Information regarding which content is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine whether the (non-advertising) content e.g. reached its intended audience and matched your interests. For instance, whether you read an article, watch a video, listen to a podcast or look at a product description, how long you spent on this service and the web pages you visit etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of (non-advertising) content that is shown to you.
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You have read a blog post about hiking on a mobile app of a publisher and followed a link to a recommended and related post. Your interactions will be recorded as showing that the initial hiking post was useful to you and that it was successful in interesting you in the related post. This will be measured to know whether to produce more posts on hiking in the future and where to place them on the home screen of the mobile app.
You were presented a video on fashion trends, but you and several other users stopped watching after 30 seconds. This information is then used to evaluate the right length of future videos on fashion trends.
Number of Vendors seeking consent or relying on legitimate interest: 634
Reports can be generated based on the combination of data sets (like user profiles, statistics, market research, analytics data) regarding your interactions and those of other users with advertising or (non-advertising) content to identify common characteristics (for instance, to determine which target audiences are more receptive to an ad campaign or to certain contents).
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The owner of an online bookstore wants commercial reporting showing the proportion of visitors who consulted and left its site without buying, or consulted and bought the last celebrity autobiography of the month, as well as the average age and the male/female distribution of each category. Data relating to your navigation on its site and to your personal characteristics is then used and combined with other such data to produce these statistics.
An advertiser wants to better understand the type of audience interacting with its adverts. It calls upon a research institute to compare the characteristics of users who interacted with the ad with typical attributes of users of similar platforms, across different devices. This comparison reveals to the advertiser that its ad audience is mainly accessing the adverts through mobile devices and is likely in the 45-60 age range.
Number of Vendors seeking consent or relying on legitimate interest: 634
Information about your activity on this service, such as your interaction with ads or content, can be very helpful to improve products and services and to build new products and services based on user interactions, the type of audience, etc. This specific purpose does not include the development or improvement of user profiles and identifiers.
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A technology platform working with a social media provider notices a growth in mobile app users, and sees based on their profiles that many of them are connecting through mobile connections. It uses a new technology to deliver ads that are formatted for mobile devices and that are low-bandwidth, to improve their performance.
An advertiser is looking for a way to display ads on a new type of consumer device. It collects information regarding the way users interact with this new kind of device to determine whether it can build a new mechanism for displaying advertising on this type of device.
Number of Vendors seeking consent or relying on legitimate interest: 634
Content presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type, or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times a video or an article is presented to you).
Illustrations
A travel magazine has published an article on its website about the new online courses proposed by a language school, to improve travelling experiences abroad. The school’s blog posts are inserted directly at the bottom of the page, and selected on the basis of your non-precise location (for instance, blog posts explaining the course curriculum for different languages than the language of the country you are situated in).
A sports news mobile app has started a new section of articles covering the most recent football games. Each article includes videos hosted by a separate streaming platform showcasing the highlights of each match. If you fast-forward a video, this information may be used to select a shorter video to play next.
Number of Vendors seeking consent or relying on legitimate interest: 634
Your data can be used to monitor for and prevent unusual and possibly fraudulent activity (for example, regarding advertising, ad clicks by bots), and ensure systems and processes work properly and securely. It can also be used to correct any problems you, the publisher or the advertiser may encounter in the delivery of content and ads and in your interaction with them.
Illustrations
An advertising intermediary delivers ads from various advertisers to its network of partnering websites. It notices a large increase in clicks on ads relating to one advertiser, and uses data regarding the source of the clicks to determine that 80% of the clicks come from bots rather than humans.
Number of Vendors seeking consent or relying on legitimate interest: 522
Certain information (like an IP address or device capabilities) is used to ensure the technical compatibility of the content or advertising, and to facilitate the transmission of the content or ad to your device.
Illustrations
Clicking on a link in an article might normally send you to another page or part of the article. To achieve this, 1°) your browser sends a request to a server linked to the website, 2°) the server answers back (“here is the article you asked for”), using technical information automatically included in the request sent by your device, to properly display the information / images that are part of the article you asked for. Technically, such exchange of information is necessary to deliver the content that appears on your screen.
Number of Vendors seeking consent or relying on legitimate interest: 522
The choices you make regarding the purposes and entities listed in this notice are saved and made available to those entities in the form of digital signals (such as a string of characters). This is necessary in order to enable both this service and those entities to respect such choices.
Illustrations
When you visit a website and are offered a choice between consenting to the use of profiles for personalised advertising or not consenting, the choice you make is saved and made available to advertising providers, so that advertising presented to you respects that choice.
Number of Vendors seeking consent or relying on legitimate interest: 522
Information about your activity on this service may be matched and combined with other information relating to you and originating from various sources (for instance your activity on a separate online service, your use of a loyalty card in-store, or your answers to a survey), in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Number of Vendors seeking consent or relying on legitimate interest: 366
In support of the purposes explained in this notice, your device might be considered as likely linked to other devices that belong to you or your household (for instance because you are logged in to the same service on both your phone and your computer, or because you may use the same Internet connection on both devices).
Number of Vendors seeking consent or relying on legitimate interest: 517
Your device might be distinguished from other devices based on information it automatically sends when accessing the Internet (for instance, the IP address of your Internet connection or the type of browser you are using) in support of the purposes exposed in this notice.
Number of Vendors seeking consent or relying on legitimate interest: 502
With your acceptance, certain characteristics specific to your device might be requested and used to distinguish it from other devices (such as the installed fonts or plugins, the resolution of your screen) in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
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