Jeśli chcecie poprawnie pisać po angielsku, powinniście zapoznać się z załączonymi zwrotami. Wszystkie zwroty zostały podzielone na kategorie związane z organizacją tekstu: wprowadanie argumentów, uzasadnianie, wyrażanie opinii, zgadzanie się oraz niezgadzanie się, doprecyzowanie swoich myśli, argumentów, przedstawianie różnic, podsumowywanie – przedstawianie wniosków.
Przedstawianie kolejnych argumentów:
To begin with – na początek – To begin with, you have to remember that…
First of all/ firstly/ secondly – przede wszystkim/ po pierwsze/ po drugie – Firstly, it’s not true that…
As for – co do – As for functions, there are all of them.
As regards – co się tyczy – As regards the introduced options, they are very useful.
Then – poza tym, następnie – I agree and then there is another aspect.
Besides – zresztą, oprócz tego – It’s too long and besides I don’t like the author’s style.
What is more – co więcej – His attitude is wrong and what’s more, he seems to be a layman.
Further – co więcej – Further, the author has to reconsider his claims.
Furthermore – ponadto – Furthermore, I neglect such a view.
Moreover – ponadto – The idea is not reasonable and moreover it’s unreal.
Uzasadnianie:
Thus – tak więc – Thus, the whole project cannot be implemented.
Thereby – tym samym – He broke all the rules and thereby, he was expelled.
Therefore – dlatego (też) – Profits, therefore, were down last time.
Because – ponieważ – I argue with you because you are completely wrong.
Since – ponieważ – I decided to write it since I was asked to do so.
As – gdyż –As you always come too late, I decided not to wait for you.
Accordingly – z tego powodu, w związku z tym – He won the election and accordingly he became a chairman.
In consequence – w konsekwencji – He did it and in consequence he was on time.
Hence – stąd, w związku z tym, dlatego też – He had credentials and hence they employed him.
Wyrażanie opinii:
I would say that – powiedziałbym, że – I would say that such a view is unacceptable.
It seems to me that – wydaje mi się, że – It seems to me that his arguments are difficult to prove.
In my opinion – moim zdaniem – In my opinion, it is not worth its price.
I am of the opinion that – jestem zdania, że – I am of the opinion that it is impossible.
I am of the view that – uważam, że – I am of the view that it is very probable.
As for – co do, jeśli chodzi o – As for me, I would have done it.
To my mind – według mnie – To my mind, it is nonsense.
As far as I know – Z tego, co wiem – As far as I know it works in a different way.
As far as I am concerned – jeśli o mnie chodzi – As far as I am concerned they can do what they want.
According to (sb) – według (kogoś innego niż ja) – According to the author…
I reckon (that) – uważam, że – I reckon these allegations are unjustified.
I opine (that) – uważam, że – I opine that such a statement is ridiculous.
I hold the view that – reprezentuję pogląd/zdanie, że –I hold the view that it cannot be correct.
From sb’s standpoint – z czyjegoś punktu widzenia – Try to think of it from my standpoint.
I think (that) – uważam, że – I think the authors exaggerate.
I have every reason to believe that – mam wszelkie powody, by sądzić, że –I have every reason to believe that it could not happen for real.
Judging from/by – sądząc po – Judging from the facts it is possible.
I suppose (that) – sądzę, że – I suppose he did not consider the elementary rules.
I guess (that) – zgaduję, że – I guess he wrote it himself.
I claim (that) – twierdzę/utrzymuję, że – He claims he followed the instructions.
I assert that – twierdzę/zapewniam, że – I assert that the thesis is to be substantiated.
I maintain (that) – upieram się/obstaję przy tym, że – He maintained his innocence.
I consider sb (to be) – uważam kogoś za – I consider the author (to be) a great novelist.
I believe (that) – sądzić, uważać, przypuszczać – I believe (that) this conclusion is legitimate.
I am convinced that - jestem przekonany, że – I am convinced that it may happen.
Zgadzanie się:
I agree – zgadzam się – I agree with you.
I accept – akceptuję – I accept these arguments.
Be correct – zgadzać się, być prawidłowym – Your thinking is correct.
Tally with – zgadzać się z – It tallies with my calculations.
Be positive – być przekonanym – He is positive that they did it.
Confirm – potwierdzać – I confirm his arguments.
Approve of – aprobować – I approve of his conclusions.
Support – popierać – I support the solution he suggested.
I am in sympathy with sb – popieram kogoś – I am in sympathy with the author.
I sympathise with – popieram – I sympathise with his opinion.
Niezgadzanie się:
I disagree – nie zgadzam się – I disagree with you.
I protest against – protestuję przeciwko – I protest against such behaviour.
Reject – odrzucać, nie akceptować – I reject this ideology.
I negate – neguję – I negate such thinking.
Disapprove of – nie pochwalać, potępiać – I disapprove of such thinking.
Oppose – sprzeciwiać się – I had to openly oppose him because he was completely wrong.
Object – sprzeciwiać się – I object to be called in such a way.
I differ with sb – nie zgadzam się z kimś – I differ with him on this issue.
Precyzowanie danej myśli:
What I mean is that – chcę powiedzieć, że – What I mean is that it is not going to be easy.
I mean (to say) – to znaczy – His approach is inappropriate, I mean (to say) it lacks theoretical basis.
What I am getting at is (that) – chodzi mi o to, że – What I am getting at is (that) you are not being realistic.
The point is (that) – chodzi o to, że – The point is (that) I just cannot agree.
In other words – inaczej mówiąc- In other word, the software is full of bugs.
That is to say – to znaczy, czyli – Sociolinguistics, that is to say the study of a language in a society is often underestimated.
Make oneself clear – wyrażać się jasno – I will make myself clear.
I will put it this way – ujmę to w ten sposób – I will put it this way, If you want to succeed you have to concentrate on your goals.
Wyrażanie różnic:
Actually – faktycznie, w rzeczywistości – It is a well known fact, actually
In fact – faktycznie, de facto – In fact, I am completely against your suggestion.
In a way – w pewnym sensie – I know your thinking is not correct, but in a way, I can understand such reasoning.
To a certain extent – do pewnego stopnia – I agree with the author to a certain extent, but…
Anyway – w każdym razie, tak czy inaczej – anyway, I think that…
As a rule – z reguły – As a rule, he is never wrong.
On the one hand – z jednej strony – On the one hand, it is what I need.
On the other hand – z drugiej strony – On the other hand, it is too complicated.
Still – jednak – The novel is hard to read; still, it is interesting.
Yet – jednak, mimo to – She is not a mathematician and yet her skills are amusing.
However – jednak(że) – I usually drink coffee. Today, however, I am having a cup of tea.
On the contrary – przeciwnie – He is not tall, on the contrary, he is really short.
In spite of – (po)mimo – In spite of evidence, they did not believe him.
Nevertheless – pomimo to, niemniej jednak – Nevertheless, it is still valued by scholars.
Nonetheless - pomimo to, niemniej jednak – Nonetheless, it is important to him.
Notwithstanding – jednakże, mimo wszystko, mimo to – He is a decent man, notwithstanding I do not like him.
In contrast to/with – w odróznieniu od – In contrast to his father he is very famous.
But – (a) mimo to, (a) jednak – The story is strange but true.
But then (again) – ale z drugiej strony, ale przecież – But then such methods are practical.
Podsumowywanie:
Finally – wreszcie, w końcu – Finally, I would like to concentrate on the main issue.
In short – krótko mówiąć – In short, it was outrageous.
All things considered – w sumie – All things considered, he is a happy man.
To sum up – podsumowując – To sum up, there are advantages and disadvantages.
To recap – podsumowując – To recap, it can be accepted.
To conclude – na zakończenie – To conclude, the translator domesticated the story.
In conclusion – kończąc – I would like to say in conclusion, that I admire them.
As a conclusion – kończąc – As a conclusion we may quote the poet…
Generally speaking – ogólnie rzecz biorąc – Generally speaking, it is not a problem.
On the whole – ogólnie rzecz biorąc – On the whole, it is a quite good idea.
Lastly – wreszcie, w końcu – …and lastly it is the most popular programme.
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